Lubricating compositions



United States Patent 3,259,578 LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS Woodrow J. Dickson, La Habra, and Fred W. Jenkins, Buena Park, Califi, assignors to Petrolite Corporation No Drawing. Original application Aug. 4, 1960, Ser. No. 47,386, now Patent No. 3,200,106, dated Aug. 10, 1965. Divided and this application Aug. 6, 1963, Ser. No. 300,145

24 Claims. (Cl. 252-34) This application is a division of Ser. No. 47,386 filed August 4, 1960, now US. Patent No. 3,200,106.

This invention relates to branched polyalkylene polyamines and to derivatives thereof. More particularly, this invention relates to said branched polyamines and to branched polyamine derivatives containing various groups, such as the oxyalkylated, acylated, alkylated, carbonylated, olefinated, etc., derivatives thereof, prepared by introducing such groups individually, alternately, in combination, etc., including for example, derivatives prepared by varying the order of adding such groups, by increasing the number and order of adding such groups, and the like.

This invention also relates to methods of using these products, which have an unexpectedly broad spectrum of uses, for example, as demulsifiers for water-in-oil emulsions; as demulsifiers for oil-in-water emulsions; as corrosion inhibitors; as fuel oil additives for gasoline, diesel fuel, jet fuel, and the like; as lubricating oil additives; as scale preventatives; as chelating agents or to form chelates which are themselves useful, for example, as antioxidants, gasoline stabilizers, fungicides, etc.; as fiotation agents, for example, as flotation collection agents; as asphalt additives or anti-stripping agents for asphaltmineral aggregate compositions; as additives for compositions useful in acidizing calcareous strata of oil wells; as additives for treating water used in the secondary recovery of oil and in disposal wells; as additives used in treating oil-well strata in primary oil recovery to enhance the flow of oil; as emulsifiers for both oil-inwater and water-in-oil emulsions; as additives for slushing oils; as additives for cutting oils; as additives for oil to prevent emulsification during transport; as additives for drilling muds; as agents useful in removing rnud sheaths from newly drilled wells; as dehazing or foginhibiting agents for fuels; as additives for preparing sand or mineral slurries useful in treating oil Wells to enhance the recovery of oil; as agents for producing polymeric emulsions useful in preparing water-vapor impermeable paper board; as agents in parafiin solvents; as agents in preparing thickened silica aerogel lubricants; as gasoline additives to remove copper therefrom; as deicing and antistalling agents for gasoline; as antiseptic, preservative, bactericidal, bacteriostatic, germicidal, fungicidal agents; as agents for the textile industry, for example, as mercerizing assistants, as wetting agents, as rewetting agents, as dispersing agents, as detergents, as penetrating agents, as softening agents, as dyeing assistants, as anti-static agents, and the like; as additives for rubber latices; as entraining agents for concrete and cements; as anti-static agents for rugs, floors, upholstery, plastic and Wax polishes, textiles, etc; as detergents useful in metal cleaners, in floor oils, in dry cleaning, in general cleaning, and the like; as agents useful in leather processes such as in flat liquoring, pickling, acid degreasing, dye fixing, and the like; as agents in metal 3,259,578 Patented July 5, 1966 THE BRANCHED POLYAMINE The branched polyamines employed herein are polyalkylene polyamines wherein the branched group is a side chain containing on the average at least one nitrogen-bonded aminoalkylene i.e.

I (N112- L J group per nine amino unit-s present on the main chain, for example, 14 of such branched chains per nine units on the main chain, but preferably one side chain unit per nine main chain units. Thus, these polyamines contain at least three primary amino groups and at leastone tertiary amino group.

These reagents may be expressed by the formula:

NH: y

wherein R is an alkylene group such as ethylene, propylene, butylene and other homologues (both straight chained and branched), etc., but preferably ethylene; and x, y and z are integers, at being for example, from 4 to 24 or more but preferably 6 to 18, y being for example 1 to 6 or more but preferably 1 to 3, and z being for example 0-6 but preferably 0-1. The x and y units may be sequential, alternative, orderly or randomly distributed.

The preferred class of polyamines includes those of the formula where n is an integer, for example, 1-20 or more but preferably l3, wherein R is preferably ethylene, but may be propylene, butylene, etc. (straight chained or branched).

The preferred embodiments are presented by the following formula:

l THg n (Tl The radicals in the brackets may be joined in a headto-head or a head-to-tail fashion. Compounds described by this formula wherein n=l3 are manufactured and sold as Polyamines N-400, N-SOO, N-120O etc. Polyamine N-400 has the above formula wherein n==1.

These compounds may be prepared by a wide variety of methods. One method comprises the reaction of ethanolamine and ammonia under pressure over a fixed bed of a metal hydrogenation catalyst. By controlling the conditions of this reaction one may obtain varying amounts of piperazine and polyamines as well as the branched chain polyalkylene polyamine useful in this in vention. This process is described in Australian application No. 42,189, now Australian Patent No. 233,766, and in the German Patent No. 14,480 (March 17, 1958) reported in Chem. Abstracts, August 10, 1949, 14,129.

These branched polyamines can also be prepared by the following reactions:

1-2 hours or longer, one can in many cases recover a second mole of water for each mole of carboxylic acid group employed, the first mole of water being evolved during amidification. The product formed in such cases contains a cyclic amidine ring, such as an imidazoline or a tetrahydropyrimidine ring. Infrared analysis is a convenient method of determining the presence of these groups.

Water is formed as a by-product of the reaction between the acylating agent and the branched polyamine reactant. In order to facilitate the removal of this water, to effect a more complete reaction in accordance with the principle of Le Chatelier, a hydrocarbon solvent which forms an azeotropic mixture with water can be added to the reaction mixture. Heating is continued with the liquid reaction mixture at the preferred reaction temperature, until the removal of water by azeotropic distillation has substantially ceased. In general, any hydro- I OH:

Variations on the above procedure can produce other branched polyamines.

The branched nature of the polyamine imparts unusual properties to the polyamine and its derivatives.

For the sake of brevity and to simplify presentation, the invention will be described by the selection of one branched polyamine to illustrate the reactions and uses thereof (i.e. N-400). However, it is to be understood that such presentation is purely for illustration and the invention should not be limited thereto.

ACYLATION A wide variety of acylating agents can be employed. Acylation is carried out under dehydrating condition, i.e., water is removed. Any of the well-known methods of acylation can be employed. For example, heat alone, heat and reduced pressure, heat in combination with an azeotroping agent, etc., are all satisfactory.

The temperature at which the reaction between the acylating agent and the branched polyalkylenepolyamine is effected is not too critical a factor. Since the reactions involved appear to be an amide-formation reaction and a condensation reaction, the general temperature conditions for such reactions, which are well known to those skilled in the art, are applicable.

Acylation is conducted at a temperature sufficiently high to eliminate water and below the pyrolytic point of the reactants and the reaction products. In general, the reaction is carried out at a temperature of from 120 to 280 C., but preferably at 140 to 200 C.

The product formed on acylation will vary with the particular conditions employed. First the salt, then the amide is formed. If, however, after forming the amide at a temperature between 140 -250 C., but usually not above 200 C., one heats such products at a higher range, approximately 250-280 C., or higher, possibly up to 300 C. for a suitable period of time, for example,

carbon solvent which forms an azeotropic mixture with Water can be used. It is preferred, however, to use an aromatic hydrocarbon solvent of the benzene series. Nonlimiting examples of the preferred solvent are benzene, toluene, and xylene. The amount of solvent used is a variable and non-critical factor. It is dependent on the size of the reaction vessel and the reaction temperature selected. Accordingly, a sufilcient amount of solvent must be used to support the azeotropic distillation, but a large excess must be avoided since the reaction temperature will be lowered thereby. Water produced by the reaction can also be removed by operating under reduced pressure. When operating with a reaction vessel equipped with a reflux condenser provided with a water takeoff trap, sufiicient reduced pressure can be achieved by applying a slight vacuum to the upper end of the condenser. The pressure inside the system is usually reduced to between about 50 and about 300 millimeters. If desired, the water can be removed also by distillation, while operating under relatively high temperature conditions.

The time of reaction between the acylating agent and the branched polyamine reactant is dependent on the weight of the charge, the reaction temperature selected, and the means employed for removing the water from the reaction mixture. In practice, the reaction is continued until the formation of water has substantially ceased. In general, the time of reaction will vary between about 4 hours and about ten hours.

Although. a wide variety of carboxylic acids produce excellent products, carboxylic acids having more than 6 carbon atoms and less than 40 carbon atoms but preferably 830 carbon atoms give most advantageous products. The most common examples include the detergent forming acids, i.e., those acids which combine with alkalies to produce soap or soap-like bodies. The detergentforming acids, in turn, include naturally-occurring fatty acids, resin acids, such as abietic acid, naturally occurring petroleum acids, such as naphthenic acids, and carboxy acids, produced by the oxidation of petroleum. As will be subsequently indicated, there are other acids which have somewhat similar characteristics and are derived from somewhat different sources and are different in structure, but can be included in the broad generic term previously indicated.

Suitable acids include straight chain and branched chain, saturated and unsaturated, aliphatic, alicyclic, fatty, aromatic, hydroaromatic, and aralkyl acids, etc.

Examples of saturated aliphatic monocarboxylic acids are acetic, proprionic, 'butyric, valeric, caproic, heptenoic, caprylic, nonacoic, capric, undecanoic, lauric, tridecanoic, myriatic, pentadecanoic, palmitic, heptadecanoic, stearic, nonadecanoic, eicosanoic, heneicosanoic, docosanoic, tricosanoic, tetracosanoic, pentacosanoic, cerotic, heptacosanoic, montanic, nonacosanoic, melissic and the like.

Examples of ethylenic unsaturated aliphatic acids are acrylic, methacrylic, crotonic, anglic, teglic, the pentenoic acids, the hexenoic acids, for example, hydrosor-bic acid, the heptenoic acids, the octenoic acids, the nonenoic acids, the decenoic acids, for example, obtusilic acid, the undecenoic acids, the dodecenoic acids, for example, lauroleic, linderic, etc., the tridecenoic acids, the tetradecenoic acids, for example, myristoleic acid, the pentadecenoic acids, the hexadecenoic acids, for example, palmitoleic acid, the heptadecenoic acids, the octodecenoic acids, for example, petrosilenic acid, oleic acid, elardic acid, the nonadecenoic acids, for example, the eicosenoic acids, the doco-senoic acids, for example, erucic acid, brassidic acid, cetoleic acid, the tetradosenic acids, and the like.

Examples of dienoic acids are the pentadienoic acids, the hexadienoic acids, for example, sonb'ic acid, the octadienoic acids, for example, linoleic, and the like.

Examples of the trienoic acids are the octadecatrienoic acids, for example, linolenic acid, eleostearic acid, pseudoeleostearic acid, and the like.

Carboxylic acids containing functional groups such as hydroxy groups can be employed. Hydroxy acids, particularly the alpha hydroxy acids include glycolic acid, lactic acid, the hydroxyvaleric acids, the hydroxy caproic acids, the hydroxyheptanoic acids, the hydroxy caprylic acids, the hydroxynonanoic acids, the hydroxycapric acids, the hydroxydecanoic acids, the hydroxy lauric acids, the hydroxy tridecanoic acids, the hydroxymyristic acids, the hydroxypentadecanoic acids, the hydroxypalmitic acids, the hydroxyhexadecanoic acids, the hydroxyheptadecanoic acids, the hydroxy stearic acids, the hydroxyoct-adecenoic acids, for example, ricinoleic acid, ricinelardic acid, hydroxyoctadecynoic acids, for example, ricinstearolic acid, the hydroxyelcosanoic acids, for example, hydroxyar-achidic acid, the hydroxydocosanoic acids, for example, hydroxybehenic acid, and the like.

Examples of acetylated hydroxyacids are ricinoleyl lactic acid, acetyl ricinoleic acid, chloroacetyl ricinoleic acid, and the like.

Examples of the cyclic aliphatic carboxylic acids are those found in petroleum called naphthenic acids, hydrocarbic and chau-moogric acids, cyclopentane car-boxylic acids, cyclohexanecarboxylic acid, campholic acid, fenchlolic acids, and the like.

Examples of aromatic monocarboxylic acids are benzoic acid, substituted benzoic acids, for example, the toluic acids, the xyleneic acids, alkoxy benzoic acid, phenyl benzoic acid, naphthalene carboxylic acid, and the like.

Mixed higher fatty acids derived from animal or vegetable sources, for example, lard, cocoanut oil, rapeseed oil, sesame oil, palm kernel oil, palm oil, olive oil, corn oil, cottonseed oil, sardine oil, tallow, soyabean oil, peanut oil, castor oil, seal oils, whale oil, shark oil, and other fish oils, teaseed oil, partially or completely hydrogenated animal and vegetable oils are advantageously employed.

Fatty and similar acids include those derived from various Waxes, such as beeswax, spermaceti, montan wax, Japan wax, coccerin and carnauba wax. Such acids include carnaubic acid, cerotic acid, lacceric acid, montanic acid, psyllastearic acid, etc. One may also employ higher molecular weight carboxylic acids derived by oxidation and other methods, such .as from .parafiin wax, petroleum and similar hydrocarbons; resinic and hydroaromatic acids, such as hexahydrobenzoic acid, hydrogenated naphthoic, hydrogenated carboxy diphenyl, naphthenic, and a-bietic acid; Twitchell fatty acids, carboxydiphenyl pyridine carboxylic acid, blown oils, blown oil fatty acids and the like.

Other suitable acids include phenylstearic acid, benzoylnonylic acid, cetyloxybutyric acid, cetyloxy-acetic acid, chlorstearic acid, etc.

Examples of the polycarboxylic acids are those of the aliphatic series, for example, oxalic, malonic, succinic, glutaric, adipic, pimelic, suberic, azelaic, sebacic, nonanedi-carboxylic acid, decanedicarboxylic acids, undecanedicarboxylic acids, and the like.

Examples of unsaturated aliphatic polycarboxylic acids are fumaric, maleic, mesocenic, citraconic, glutonic, itaconic, muconic, aconitic acids, and the like.

Examples of aroma-tic polycarboxylic acids are phthalic, isophthalic acids, terephthalic acids, substituted derivatives thereof (eg alkyl, chloro, alkoxy, etc., derivatives), biphenyldicarboxylic acid, diphenylether dicarboxylic acids, diphenylsulfone dicarboxylic acids and the like.

Higher aromatic polycarboxylic acids containing more than two carboxylic groups .are himimellitic, trimelli-tic, trimesic, mellophanic, prehnitic, pyromellitic acids, mellitic acid, and the like.

Other polyc-ar'boxylic acids are the dimeric, trimeric, and polymeric acids, for example, dilinoleic, trilinoleic, and other polyacids sold by Emery Industries, and the like. Other polycarboxylic acids include those containing ether groups, for example, diglycolic acid. Mixtures of the above acids can :be advantageously employed.

In addition, acid precursors such as acid anhydrides, esters, acid halides, glycerides, etc, can be employed in place of the free acid'.

Examples of acid anhydrides are the alkenyl succinic acid anhydrides.

Any alkenyl succinic acid anhydride or the corresponding acid is utilizable for the production of the reaction products of the present invention. The general structural formulae of these compounds are:

Anhydride OHTO limit to the number of carbon atoms therein. However, it is preferred to use an alkenyl succinic acid anhydride reactant having between about 8 and about 18 carbon atoms per alkenyl radical. Although their use is less desirable, the alkenyl succinic acids also react, in accordance with this invention, to produce satisfactory reaction products. It has been found, however, that their use necessitates the removal of water formed during the reaction and also often causes undesirable side reactions to occur to some extent. Nevertheless, the alkenyl succinic acid anhydrides and the alkenyl succinic acids are interchangeable for the purposes of the present invention. Accordingly, when the term alkenyl succinic acid anhydride, is used herein, it must be clearly understood that it embraces the alkenyl succinic acids as well as their anhydrides, and the derivatives thereof in which the olefinic double bond has been saturated as set forth hereinbefore. Non-limiting examples of the alkenyl succinic acid anhydride reactant are ethenyl succinic acid anhydrides; ethenyl succinic acid; ethyl succinic acid anhydride; propenyl succinic acid anhydride; sulfurized propenyl succinic acid anhydride; butenyl succinic acid; 2-n1ethylbutenyl succinic acid anhydride; 1,2-dichloropentyl succinic acid anhydride; hexenyl succinic acid anhydride; hexyl succinic acid; sulfurized S-methylpentenyl succinic acid anhydride; 2,3-dimethylbutenyl succinic acid anhydride; 3,3-dimethylbutenyl succinic acid; 1,2-dibromo-Z-ethylbutyl succinic acid; heptenyl succinic acid anhydride; 1,2-diiodooctyl succinic acid; octenyl succinic acid anhydride; Z-methyl-heptenyl succinic acid anhydride; 4-ethy-lhexenyl succinic acid; 2-isopropylpentenyl succinic acid anhydride; nonenyl succinic acid anhydride; 2-propylhexenyl succinic acid anhydride; decenyl succinic acid; decenyl succinic acid anhydride; 5-methyl-2-isopropylhexenyl succinic acid anhydride; 1,2-dibromo-2-ethyloctenyl succinic acid anhydride; decyl succinic acid anhydride; undecenyl succinic acid anhydride; 1,2-dichloroundecyl succinic acid anhydride; 1,2-dichloro-undecyl succinic acid; 3-ethyl-2-t-butylpentenyl succinic acid anhydride; dodecenyl succinic acid anhydride; dodecenyl succinic acid; Z-propylnonenyl succinic acid anhydride; B-butyloctenyl succinic acid anhydride; tridecenyl succinic acid anhydride; tetradecenyl succinic acid anhydride; hexadecenyl succinic acid anhydride; sulfurized octadecenyl succinic acid; octadecyl succinic acid anhydride; l,Z-dibromo-Z-methylpentadecenyl succinic acid anhydride; 8-propylpentadecyl succinic acid anhydride; eicosenyl succinic acid anhydride; 1,2-dichloro-2-methylnonadecenyl succinic acid anhydride; 2-octyldodecenyl uccinic acid; 1,2-diiodotetracosenyl succinic acid anhydride; hexacosenyl succinic acid; hexacosenyl succinic acid anhydride; and hentriacontenyl succinic acid anhydride.

The methods of preparing the alkenyl succinic acid anhydrides are well known to those familiar with the art. The most feasible method is by the reaction of an olefin with maleic acid anhydride. Since relatively pure olefins are difiicult to obtain, and when thus obtainable, are often too expensive for commercial use, alkenyl succinic acid anhydrides are usually prepared as mixtures by reacting mixtures of olefins with maleic acid anhydride. Such mixtures, as well as relatively pure anhydrides, are utilizable herein.

In summary, without any intent of limiting the scope of the invention, acylation includes amidification, the formation of the cyclic amidine ring, the formation of acid imides such as might occur when anhydrides such as the alkenylsuccinic acids are reacted, i.e.,

wherein P branched polyamine residue, polymers as might occur when a dicarboxylic acid is reacted intermolecularly with the branched polyamine, cyclization as might occur when a dicarboxylic acid reacts intramolecularly with the polyamine as contrasted to intermolecular reactions, etc. The reaction products may contain other substances. Accordingly, these reaction products are most accurately defined by a definition comprising a recitation of the process by which they are produced, i.e., by acylation.

The moles of acylating agent reacted with the branched polyamine will depend on the number of acylation reactive positions contained therein as well as the number of moles of acylating agent one wishes to incorporate into the molecule. We have advantageously reacted 1 to 10 moles of acylating agent per mole of Polyamine N-400, but preferably 1 to 6 moles. With Polyamine N800 and N-1200, twice and three times as many moles of acylating agent can be employed respectively, ie with Polyamine N800, l20 moles, preferably 1-12; with N-1200, 130, but preferably l18. Optimum acylation will depend on the particular application,

The following examples are illustrative of the preparation of the acylated branched polyamines.

The following general procedure is employed in acylating. The branched polyamine is mixed with the desired ratio of acid and a suitable azeotroping agent is added. Heat is then applied. After the removal of the calculated amount of water (1 to 2 equivalents per carboxylic acid group of the acid employed), heating is stopped and the azeotroping agent is evaporated under vacuum. The temperature during the reaction can vary from to 200 C. Where the formation of the cyclic amidine type structure is desired the maximum temperature is generally 180-250" C. and more than one mole of water per carboxylic group is removed. The reaction times range from 4 to 24 hours. Here again, the true test of the degree of reaction is the amount of Water removed.

Exam ple 3A In a 5 liter, 3 necked flask furnished with a stirring device, thermometer, phase separating trap, condenser and heating mantle, 1 mole (400 grams) of Polyamine N-400 is dissolved in an equal weight of xylene, i.e., 400 grams. 845 grams of oleic acid (3 moles) is added to the polyamine with stirring in about ten minutes. The reaction mixture is then heated gradually to about C. in half an hour and then held at about C. over a period of 3 hours until 54 grams (3 moles) of water is collected in the side of the tube. The solvent is then removed with gentle heating under reduced pressure of approximately 20 mm. The product is a dark, viscous, xylene-soluble liquid.

Example 3A The prior example is repeated except that the final reaction temperature is maintained at 240 C. and 90 grams (5 moles) of water are removed instead of 54 grams (3 moles). Infrared analysis of the product indicates the presence of a cyclic amidine ring.

The following examples of acylated branched polyamines are prepared in the manner of the above examples from Polyamine N-400 by employing 400 grams of polyamine in each example. The products obtained are dark, viscous materials.

In the examples the symbol A identified the acylated branched polyamine. Thus, specifically 1A, represents acylated Polyamine N-400, which polyamine is employed in all the reactions of the following table.

TABLE I.ACYLATED PRODUCTS F POLYAMINE N-40 Acid Moles of Water Removed Ex. Acid/Mole of Polyamine Name Grams N-400 Moles Grams 9:1 10.1 182 8:1 10. 1 182 7:1 9. 2 166 :1 7. 1 128 3:1 5. 3 95 1:1 2.0 36 5:1 7. 2 129 4:1 6. 0 108 8:1 5.1 92 6: 1 5. 9 106 3:1 3.0 54 3: 1 5. 0 90 4:1 5. 9 106 3:1 3. 2 .58 1:1 1. 1 20 3: 1 3. 0 54 2:1 2. 2 40 3:1 5. 3 95 o 2:1 3.0 54 7-A1 Palmitic (256.4) 4:1 6. 2 112 7Az d0 3:1 4. 5 81 8-A| Dimeric (600)- 0.5:1 1.9 35 8Azdo 0.66:1 4.1 74 8A3 1, 800 3:1 6. 3 113 9-A1 Allgenyl (C12) suc- 1,064 4:1 6.1 111 011118. 9-A Anhydride (266) 798 3:1 3. 2 58 9-A3 do 532 2:1 0.3 5. 4 10-A1- Allrenyl (Cw) sue- 966 3:1 5.2 94

cinlc. 10Ar v Anhydride (322) 644 2:1 2.1 38 10-A3 0 644 2:1 0. 2 3. 6 11-141..- Diphenolic (286)- 858 3:1 5. 0 90 11Az 0 286 1:1 1. 2 22 12A Oiticica 011* (920)- 460 0. 5:1 1. 1 12Az d0 920 1:1 1. 2 22 13-14 Benzoie (122)-. 610 5:1 4.7 85 d0 366 3:1 3.1 56 244 2:1 2. 3 41 134 1 1 1. 0 18 107. 2 0. 8:1 0.8 14 67 0. 5: 1 0. 5 9 15-A1..- 98 1:1 0. 2 36 15-A2--- 78. 4 0. 8:1 0.0 15Aa do 49 0. 5:1 0.1 1. 8 16A Naphthe c 990 3:1 3 54 gunaptic Acid Terephthalic (166)- 332 2:1 4 72 d0 498 3:1 5 90 830 5:1 108 *Chiel suhstituent of oiticica oil is the glyceride of licanic acid:

The following table presents specific illustration of compounds other than N-400 and its derivatives.

TABLE IA.ACYLATED PRODUCTS 10 OXYALKYLATION These branched polyamines can be oxyalkylated in the conventional manner, for example, by means of an alpha-beta alkylene oxide such as ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, butylene oxide, octylene oxide, a higher alkylene oxide, styrene oxide, glycide, methylglycide, etc., or combinations thereof. Depending on the particular application desired, one may combine a large proportion of alkylene oxide, particularly ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, a combination or alternate additions or propylene oxide and ethylene oxide, or smaller proportions thereof in relation to the branched polyamine. Thus, the molar ratio of alkylene oxide to branched polyamine can range within wide limits, for example, from a 1:1 mole ratio to a ratio of 1000:1, or higher, but preferably 1 to 200. For example, in demulsification extremely high alkylene oxide ratios are often advantageously employed such as 200-300 or more moles of alkylene oxide per mole of branched polyamine. On the other hand, for certain applications such as corrosion prevention and use as fuel oil additives, lower ratios of alkylene oxides are advantageously employed, i.e., 1/10-25 moles of alkylene oxide per mole of branched polyamine. By proper control, desired hydrophilic or hydrophobic properties are imparted to the composition. As is well known, oxyalkylation reactions are conducted under a wide variety of conditions, at low or high pressures, at low or high temperatures, in the presence or absence of catalyst, solvent, etc. For instance oxyalkylation reactions can be carried out at temperatures of from 80-200 0, and pressures of from 10 to 200 psi, and times of'from 15 min. to several days. Preferably oxyalkylation reactions are carried out at 80 to 120 C. and 10 to p.s.i. For conditions of oxyalkylationreactions see US. Patent 2,792,369 and other patents mentioned therein.

Oxyalkylation is too well known to require a full discussion. For purpose of brevity reference is made to Parts 1 and 2 of US. Patent No. 2,792,371, dated May 14, 1957, to Dickson in which particular attention is directed to the various patents which describe typical oxyalkylation procedure. Furthermore, manufacturers of alkylene oxides furnish extensive information as to the use of oxides. For example, see the technical bulletin entitled, Ethylene Oxide, which has been distributed by the Jefferson Chemical Company, Houston, Texas. Note also the extensive bibliography in this bulletin and the large number of patents which deal with oxyalkylation processes.

Acid Mols of Acid Water Exam- Branched Per Mols of Removed ple Polyamine Branched Name Grams Polyamme Moles Grams 18-A Oleic (282 564 2: 1 2. 2 39. 6 18A z do 282 1:1 1. 9 34. 2 19A1 1, 800 3:1 2. 9 52. 3 19-Az 0 1,200 2:1 2.1 37.8 20A1 Alkenyl Succinic A11- 532 2: 1

hydride (266). 20-Az--- do 266 L; L 21A Diglycolic (134) 134 1 1 1. 0 18 22A Maleic Anhydride (98) .98 1:1 23A Naphthenic (33) Sunap- 330 1:1 2. 1 37. 8

tie Acid B. Acetic 60 1: 1 1. 1 19. 6 Diphenolic (2 286 1: 1 1. 1 19. 6 81262110 (284)- 568 2:1 1. 8 32. 4 d0 284 1:1 1.9 34.2 Dlmeric (600)- 600 1 :1 1. l 19. 6 Benzoic (122) 122 1 1 0. 9 16. 2 Terephthal 166 1: 1 0. 8 14. 4 Diphenohc 286 1 :1 1. 0 18. 0 Laurie (2 200 1:1 1. 2 21. 6 Oleic (282) 846 3 1 3. 1 55. 8 do 564 221 1.9 34.2 0- 282 1:1 1.0 18.0 Acetic (60) 240 4: 1 4. 0 72. 0

The symbol employed to designate oxyalkylation is O. Specifically l-O represents oxyalkylated Polyamine N-400.

In the following oxyalkylations the reaction vessel employed is a stainless steel autoclave equipped with the usual devices for heating and heat control, a stirrer, inlet and outlet means and the like which are conventional in this type of apparatus. The stirrer is operated at a speed of 250 rpm. The branched polyamine, Polyamine N- 400, dissolved in an equal weight of xylene is charged into the reactor. The autoclave is sealed, swept with nitrogen, stirring started immediately and heat applied. The temperature is allowed to rise to approximately 100 C. at which time the addition of the alkylene oxide is started and added continuously at such speed as it is absorbed by the reaction mixture. When the rate of oxyalkylation slows down appreciably, which generally occurs after about 15 moles of ethylene oxide are added or after about 10 moles of propylene oxide are added, the reaction vessel is opened and an oxyalkylation catalyst is added (in 2 weight percent of the total reactants present). The catalyst employed in the examples is sodium methylate. Thereupon the autoclave is flushed out as before and oxyalkylation completed In the case of oxybutylation, oxyoctylation, oxystyrenation, and other oxyalkylations, etc., the catalyst is added at the beginning of the operation.

Example 1O Using the oxyalkylation apparatus and procedure stated above, the following compounds are prepared: 400 grams (1 mol) of Polyamine 400 are charged into a stainless steel autoclave, swept with nitrogen, stirring started, and autoclave sealed. The temperature is allowed to rise to approximately 100 C. and ethylene oxide is injected continuously until 220 grams (5 mols) total had been added over a one-half hour period. This reaction is exothermic and requires cooling to avoid a rise in temperature. The reaction mass is transferred to a suitable container. Upon cooling to room temperature, the reaction mass is a dark extremely viscous liquid.

Example 1-0 The same procedure as Example 1-0 is used exactly except that 396 grams of ethylene oxide (9 mols) is added to 400 grams (1 mol) of Polyamine N-400. This reaction material is a dark viscous liquid at room temperature.

Example IO The same procedure as Example 1-0 is used and 396 grams of ethylene oxide (9 mols) are added to 400 grams (1 mol) of Polyamine N-400. After this reaction is completed, the autoclave is opened and 20 grams of sodium methylate are added. The autoclave is then flushed again with nitrogen and an additional 572 grams (13 mols) of ethylene oxide is added at 100 C. This reac- 12 tion is highly exothermic. The reaction mass now contains 1 mol of N-400 and a total of 22 mols of reacted ethylene oxide.

Example 1O A portion of the reaction mass of Example 1-0;, is transferred to another autoclave and an additional amount of B0 was added. The reaction mass now contains the ratio of 1 mol of N-400 to 40 mols of EtO.

Example L0,;

The addition of ethylene oxide to Example 1-0.; is continued until a molar ratio of 1 mol of N400 to mols of EtO is reached.

Example 1O The addition of ethylene oxide to Example 1O is continued until a molar ratio of 1 mol of N400 to 83 mols of EtO is reached.

Example 1-07 The addition of ethylene oxide to the Example 1-0 is continued until a molar ratio of 1 mol of N-400 to mols of EtO is reached.

Example 2O 400 grams of N-400 are charged into a conventional stainless steel autoclave. The temperature is raised to C., the autoclave is flushed with nitrogen and sealed. Then 290 grams of propylene oxide (5-mols) are added slowly at 120 C. A sample is taken at this point and labeled 2-0;. This sample contains 5 mols of PrO for each mol of N-400. It is a dark very viscous liquid at room temperature.

Example 2-0 The addition of propylene oxide to 2O is continued as follows: The autoclave is opened and 35 grams of sodium methylate are added. The autoclave is again purged with nitrogen and sealed. Propylene oxide is added carefully until an additional 290 grams have been reacted. A sample is taken at this point and labeled 2O This compound now contains 10 mols of propylene oxide for each mol of N400.

Example 2O The oxypropylation of 2-0 is continued until an additional 638 grams of propylene oxide are reacted. A sample is taken at this point and labeled 2O 2-O contains 21 mols of propylene oxide for each mol of N-400. At room temperature the product is a dark thick liquid.

This oxyalkylation is continued to produce examples 2-O 2O 2-O 2O A summary of oxyalkylated products produced from N400 is presented in the following Table II.

The Roman numerals, (I), (II), and (III) besides the moles of oxide added indicate the order of oxide addition (I) first, (II) second and (III) third, etc.

TABLE II.OXYALKYLATED PRODUCTS [Moles of oxide/mole N 400] Ex. EtO Wgt. IrO Wgt. BuO Wgt Ph sieal r0 erties Moles (g.) Moles (g.) Moles (g.) y p p TABLE II.Cntinued Ex. EtO Wgt. PrO Wgt BuO Wgt. Physical properties Moles (g.) Moles (g.) Moles (g.)

220 40 (II) Dark viscous liquid. 484 (II) Do. 748 88 (II) Do.

2, 332 19 (II) Semi-solid.

4, 312 95 (II) Dark thlck llqllld.

352 19 (I) Do.

968 39 (I) Do. 792 96 (I) Do.

4, 080 105 (I) Do.

2, 420 (I) Solid.

220 18 (II) Dark VISOOUS liquid. 220 (III) Do. I 396 23 (III) Do.

836 19 (H) Do.

1,980 75 (I) 4, 350 10 (II) 720 Do.

Octylene oxide moles, 635 g. Do.

Octylene oxide 8 moles, 1.016 g. D0.

Styrene oxide 4 moles, 480 g. Do.

Styrene oxide 7 moles, 840 g. Do.

Epoxide 201 1 mole, 280 g. Solid.

The following table presents specific illustration of compounds other than N-400 and its derivatives.

TABLE IIA.OXYALKYLATED PRODUCTS Dark visc0us (III) 4 (I) 2 (II) Styrene Oxide, 5 mols Octylene Oxide, mols ACYLATION THEN OXYALKLATION Prior acylated branched polyamines can be oxyalkylated in the above manner by starting with the acylated branched polyamine instead of the unreacted amine. Non-limiting examples are presented in the following tables. The symbol employed to designate an acylated, oxyalkylated branched polyamine is A0. Specifically 1A O represents acylated, then oxyalkylated polyamine N-400.

Example 3A O .For this example anautoclave equipped to handle alkylene oxides is necessary. 1156 grams (1 mole) of 3-A (N400+3 moles Oleic Acid minus three moles H O) are charged into the autoclave. Following a nitrogen purge and the addition of grams of sodium methylate, the temperature is raised to C. and 5683 grams of EtO (98 mols) are added. At the completion of this reaction, 2024 grams of PrO (46 moles) are added and the reaction allowed to go to completion. The resulting polymer is a dark viscous fluid soluble in an aromatic solvent.

Example 5-A O For this example a conventional autoclave equipped to handle alkylene oxides is necessary. 946 grams of 5-A (N400+3 moles lauric acid minus 3 moles H O) are charged into the autoclave. The charge is catalyzed with 100 grams of sodium methylate, purged with nitrogen and heated to C. 480 grams (4 moles) of styrene oxide are added and reacted for 24 hours with agitation. The resulting product is a dark extremely viscous fluid;

Example 7A O These reactions are summarized in the following table:

TABLE III.AOYLATED, OXYALKYLATED N400 [Moles of oxide/mole of reactant] EtO PrO BuO Ex. Physical Properties Moles Wgt. Moles Wgt. Moles Wgt.

1-At0i 42 (II) 1, 048 78 (I) Dark viscous liquid. 1 A Oz 8 (II) 352 59 (I) Do. 1A40s-... 8 (III) 352 18 (II) Do. 1A4O 23 (III) 1,018 47 (I) Do. 3A30l. 12 (I) 528 22 (II) olid. 341301.. 12 (II) 528 29 (I) Dark, thick liquid. 3AaOa 46 (II) 2, 024 98 (I) Do. 4-A1O1. 4 176 Solid. 4-A|Og D0. 4AiOz 3 (I) 132 3 (II) Do. 5-A10i.--. 6 432 D0. 5A1O; 2 (I) 116 3 (II) 216 Do. 541103..-- Styrene oxide 4 moles, 48 grams Dark, viscous liquid. 51 1104.--- Octylene oxide 5 moles, 635 grams Do. 7AtOi (I) 660 (II) 1, 440 Dark, thick llquid. 7AXOR 10 (II) 440 (I) 1, 740 Do. 711103.... 109 (II) 4,796 210 (I) ,18 Do. 9A;tO1. 23 (I) 1,018 18 (II) Do. 9A;O 23 (I) 1,018 26 (II) 9 11303.-.. 36 (II) 1, 584 (I) 11-11101... 32 (I) 1, 408 23 (II) 11-11102"- 18 (I) 572 49 (II) TABLE III-A.ACYLATED, OXYALKYLATED BRANCHED POLYAMINES Mols of Oxide Per M01 of eactant Example Physical Properties Dark. viscous liquid.

Do. Do.

3 Epoxide 201, 1 mol Styrene oxide, 10 mols OXYALKYLATION THEN ACYLATION The prior oxyalkylated branched polyamines can be acylated with any of the acylation agents herein disclosed (in contrast to acylation prior to oxyalkylation). Since these reactants also have hydroxy group acylation, in addition to reaction with the amino groups noted above, also includes esterification.

The method of acylation in this instance is similar to that carried out with the polyam'ine itself, i.e., dehydration wherein the removal of water is a test of the completion of the reaction.

Example 1-O A One mole of 1-0 (620 grams) is mixed with three moles of acetic acid (180 grams) and 400 ml. of xylene at room temperature. The temperature is raised slowly to 120130 C. and refluxed gently for one hour. The temperature is then raised to ISO-160 C. and heated until 3 moles of Water and all of the xylene are stripped off. The dark product is water-soluble.

Example 2O A One mole of 2-0.; (2894 grams) is mixed with one mole of palmitic :acid (256 grams) at room temperature. Vacuum is applied and the temperature is raised slowly until one mole of water (18 grams) is removed. This product is a dark viscous liquid.

Example 6O A One mole of 6-0 (7450 grams) is mixed with 500 grams of xylene and heated to C. One mole of diglycolic acid (134 grams) is added slowly to prevent excessive foaming. The temperature is raised to -150 C. and held until one mole of water has evolved. This product is the diglycolic acid fractional ester of 6O A White precipitate dorms during this reaction which can be removed by filtration. Analysis shows the precipitate to be sodium acid diglycollate, a reaction product of the catalyst and diglycolic acid. The filtered product is a dark viscous liquid at room temperature.

Table IV contains examples which further illustrate the invention. The symbol employed to designate oxyallkylated, acylated products is OA.

TABLE IV.OXYALKYLATED, THEN ACYLATED BRANCHED POLYAMINE N-400 Acylating agent Water removed Physical Ex. properties Moles oi Wgt., Wgt. Name acylating grams Moles (g) agent 1O1A. 3 180 3 54 Dark liquid. 1-021..- 1 282 1 18 D0. 1-O3A 2 568 2 36 Solid. 2-0111. 1 200 1 18 Dark liquid. 2-O1A Myristic- 2 457 2 36 Do. 2-0411 Palmitic 1 256. 4 1 18 Do. 4O1A- Oleic 2 564 2 36 Solid. 4O A Ricinoleic 1 298. 5 1 18 Dark liquid. 5O1A Abietic acid. 1 302. 4 1 18 Dark solid 5-0311 Tall oil 1 1 18 Dark liquid. 6-01A-.. Linoleic 1 280. 4 1 18 D0. 6-0218." Oleic 2 564 2 36 Do. 6O3A Maleic an- 1 98 1 18 Viscous hydride. liqui 6-O5A-.. Diglycolic.-. 1 134 1 18 Do. 701A Laurie 2 400 2 36 Dark liquid 8-0111" Stearic 1 284 1 18 Solid.

water formed during the process.

The following table presents specific illustration of compounds other than N400 and its derivatives.

TABLE IV-A.-OXYALKYLATED THEN ACYLATED BRANCHED POLYAMINE Water Re- Mols of moved Physical Example Name Acylating Wt. in Proper- Agent Grams ties Mols Wt. in Grams 10-03A Stearic 1 284 1 18 Solid. 11OA- Laurie 2 400 2 36 Viscous liquid. 11OsA Diglycolic.-- 1 134 1 18 Dark liquid. 12-0111- Maleic an- 1 98 Viscous liquid. 13-O1A- 2 564 1 18 Do. 14 O2A 1 280. 4 1 18 Do. 15O1A 1 175 1 18 Do. 16-03A..- Abietie acid. 1 302 1 18 Solid. 17-0A Rieinoleic 1 298 1 18 Viscous liquid 18OA 2 564 2 36 Do. 20-01A- 1 256 1 18 Solid. 20-0 A 2 457 2 36 Do. 21-O1A-.. 1 200 1 18 Do. 2lOeA 2 568 2 36 Do. 22-03.A 1 282 1 18 Viscous liquid. 23-0211." Acetic 1 60 1 18 Do. 24-0211"- Diphenolie 1 286 1 18 Do. 25O1A Tereph- 1 166 1 18 Solid.

thalic. 25-0411- Naphthenic- 2 330 2 36 Viscous liquid. 2505A do 1 330 1.9 34 Do. 26-O1A.-- Benzoic 1 122 1 18 Do. 26-O2A- Laurie 1 200 l. 8 32 Do.

HEAT TREATMENT OF OXYALKYLATED PRODUCTS The oxyalkylated products described herein, for example, those shown in Table II relating to oxyalkylated branched polyamines and those in Table III relating to oxyalkylated, prior acylated, branched polyamines can be heat treated to form useful compositions.

In general, the heat treatment is carried out at 200- 250 C. Under dehydrating conditions, where reduced pressure and a fast flow of nitrogen is used, lower temperatures can be employed, for example ISO-200 C.

Water is removed during the reaction, such as by means of a side trap. Nitrogen passing through the reaction mixture and/or reduced pressure can be used to facilitate water removal.

The exact compositions cannot be depicted by the usual chemical formulas for the reason that the structures are subject to a wide variation.

The heat treatment is believed to result in the polymerization of these compounds and is eifected by heating same at elevated temperatures, generally in the neighborhood of 200270 0., preferably in the presence of catalysts, such as sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium ethylate, sodium glycerate, or catalysts of the kind commonly employed in the manufacture of superglycerinated fats, calcium chloride, iron and the like. The proportion of catalyst employed may vary from slightly less than 0.1%, in some instances, to over 1% in other instances.

Conditions must be such as to permit the removal of At times the process can be conducted most readily by permitting part of the volatile constituents to distill, and subsequently subjecting the vapors to condensation. The condensed volatile distillate usually contains water formed by reaction. The water can be separated from such condensed distillate by any suitable means, for instance, distilling with xylene, so as to carry over the water, and subsequently removing the xylene. The dried condensate is then returned to the reaction chamber for further use. In some instances, condensation can best be conducted in the presence of a high-boiling solvent, which is permitted to distill in such a manner as to remove the water of reaction. In any event, the speed of reaction and the character of the polymerized product depend not only upon the orginal reactants themselves, but also on the nature and amount of catalyst employed, on the temperature employed, the time of reaction, and the speed of water removal, i.e., the effectiveness with which the water of reaction is removed from the combining mass. Polymerization can be effected without the use of catalysts in some instances, but such procedure is generally undesirable, due to the fact that the reaction takes a prolonged period of time, and usually a significantly higher temperature. The use of catalyst such as iron, etc. fosters the reaction.

The following examples are presented to illustrate heat treatment. The symbol used to designate a heat treated oxyalkylated polyamine is OH and an acylated, oxyalkylated product is AOH. In all examples 500 grams of starting material and a temperature of 225250 C. are employed.

Example 1-O I-I A conventional glass resin vessel equipped with a stirrer and water trap is used. Five hundred grams of l-O are charged into the above resin vessel along with five grams of CaC-l The temperature is raised to 225-250 C. and heated until 50 grams of water (2.8 mols) are evolved. This process takes 7.5 hours of heating. The product is an extremely viscous material at room temperature. However, upon warming slightly this product dissolves easily in water.

Example 2O H The process of the immediately previous example is repeated using 2-O but substituting sodium methylate for calcium chloride. The product is a dark, viscous, water-soluble material.

Example 6-O H The process of Example 1O H is repeated using 6O but substituting powdered iron for calcium chloride.

TABLE V.HEAT TREATED (1) OXYALKYLATED AND (2) ACYLATED, OXYALKYLATED POLYAMINE N-400 Water Removed Ex. Catalyst, Time in 5 grams Hours Wgt. Moles 1-O3H OaOl; 50 2. 8 7. 5 1Or,H on 29 1. 6 8. 5 58 3. 2 7. 5

7-A102H- 27 1. 5 7. 5 9A3O3H 50 2. 8 8. 0 11A10rH. 54 3. 0 8. 5

All of the above products are dark, viscous liquids.

The following table presents specific illustration of compounds other than N-400 and its derivatives.

TABLE V.A.--HEAT TREATED (l) OXYALKYLATED AND (2) ACYLATED, OXYALKYLATED BRANCHED POLYAMINE Example Catalyst Wt. of Water Mols of H20 Time in (5 grams) Removed Removed Hours 50 2. 8 8. 0 54 3. 0 8. 5 40 2. 2 10. 0 56 3. 1 9. 3 63 3. 5 8.0 58 3. 2 7. 5 29 1. 6 8. 5 50 2. 8 7. 5 25-A1O1H..- 29 1. 6 8. 5 26-AlO2H 63 3. 5 8.0 27A1O;H 33 1. 8 6.8 31-A102II..- 27 1. 5 7. 5 33A101H. 50 2. 8 8. 0

All of the above products are dark, viscous liquids.

ALKYLATION Alkylation relates to the reaction of the branched polyamine and derivatives thereof with alkylating agents.

Any hydrocarbon halide, e.g. alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, aralkyl, etc., halide which contains at least one carbon atom and up to about thirty carbon atoms or more per molecule can be employed to alkylate the products of this invention. It is especially preferred to use alkyl halides having between about one to about eighteen carbon atoms per molecule. The halogen portion of the alkyl halide reactant molecule can be any halogen atom, i.e., chlorine, bromine, fluorine, and iodine. In practice, the alkyl bromides and chlorides are used, due to their greater commercial availability. Non-limiting examples of the alkyl halide reactant are methyl chloride; ethyl chloride; propyl chloride; n-butyl chloride; sec-butyl iodide; t-butyl fluoride; n-amyl bromide; isoamyl chloride; n-hexyl bromide; n-hexyl iodide; heptyl fluoride; Z-ethylhexyl chloride; n-octyl bromide; decyl iodide; dodecyl bromide; 7-ethyl-2-methyl-unde-cyl iodide; tetradecyl bromide; hexadecyl bromide; hexadecyl fluoride; heptadecyl chloride; octadecyl bromide; docosyl chloride; tetracosyl iodide; hexacosyl bromide; octacosyl chloride; and triacontyl chloride. In addition, alkenyl halides can also be employed, for example, the alkenyl halides corresponding to the above examples. In addition, the halide may contain other elements besides carbon and hydrogen as, for example, where dichloroethylether is employed.

The alkyl halides can be chemically pure compounds or of commercial purity. Mixtures of alkyl halides, having carbon chain lengths falling within the range specified hereinbefore, can also be used. Examples of such mixtures are mono-chlorinated wax and mono-chlorinated kerosene. Complete instructions for the preparation of mono-chlorowax have been set forth in United States Patent 2,238,790.

Since the reaction between the alkyl halide reactant and the branched polyamine is a condensation reaction, or an alkylation reaction, characterized by the elimination of hydrogen halide, the general conditions for such reactions are applicable herein. It is preferable to carry out the reaction at temperatures of between about 100 and about 250 C., preferably between about 140 C. and about 200 C., in the presence of a basic material which is capable of reacting with the hydrogen halide to remove it. Such basic materials are, for example, sodium bicarbonate, sodium carbonate, pyridine, tertiary alkyl amines, alkali or alkaline earth metal hydroxides, and the like.

It is preferred to perform the reaction between the alkyl halide reactant and the branched polyamine reactant in a hydrocarbon solvent under reflux conditions. The aromatic hydrocarbon solvents of the benzene series 2%) are especially preferable. Non-limiting examples of the preferred solvent are benzene, toluene, and xylene. The amount of solvent used is a variable and non-critical factor. It is dependent on the size of the reaction vessel and on the reaction temperature selected. For example, it will be apparent that the amount of solvent used can be so great that the reaction temperature is lowered thereby.

The time of reaction between the alkyl halide reactant and the branched polyamine is dependent on the weight of the charge, the reaction temperature selected, and the means employed for removing the hydrogen halide from the reaction mixture. In practice, the reaction is continued until no more hydrogen halide is formed. In general, the time of reaction will vary widely such as between about four and about ten hours.

It can be postulated that the reaction between the alkyl halide reactant and the branched polyamine results in the formation of products where the alkyl group of the alkyl halide has replaced a hydrogen atom attached to a nitrogen, atom. It is also conceivable that alkylation of an alkylene group of the branched polyamine can occur. However, the exact composition of any given reaction product cannot be predicted. For example, when two moles of butyl bromide are reacted with one mole of Polyamine N400, a mixture of mono-, diand triand higher N-alkylated products can be produced. Likewise, the alkyl groups can be substituted on different nitrogen atoms in different molecules of the branched polyamine.

Thus, the term Alkylation as employed herein and in the claims includes alkenylation, cycloalkenylation, aralkylation, etc., and other hydrocarbonylation as well as alkylation itself.

In general, the following examples are prepared by reacting the alkyl halide with the branched polyamine at the desired ratio in the presence of one equivalent of base for each equivalent HCl given off during the reaction. Water formed during the reaction is removed by distillation. Where the presence of the anions, such as chlorine, bromine, etc, is not material and salts and quaternary compounds are desired, no base is added.

The following examples are presented to illustrate the alkylation of the branched polyamines.

Example 5-K One mole of each of the following: tetradecylchloride, Polyamine N-400, and sodium bicarbonate are placed in a reaction vessel equipped with a mechanical stirrer, a thermometer and a condenser reflux take-oil for removal of water from the reaction as it is evolved in an azeotropic mixture of water and a hydrocarbon solvent. The reflux take-off is filled with xylene. The stirred reactants are heated to about C. whereupon an exothermic reaction causes the temperature to rise to about C. The reaction temperature is then increased to C. and held there for two hours. Then, xylene is added to the reaction vessel in an amount sufficient to cause a xylene reflux to take place at a temperature of ISO- C. The reaction is continued for six hours or until the theoretical amount of water is removed. Thereupon, an equal volume of xylene is added to the reaction mixture and the resultant solution is filtered. This filtrate is then evaporated under reduced pressure to yield a dark amber oil. No halogen was present in this product as evidenced by a negative Beilstein copper wire test.

Example 5K X The above reaction is repeated except that no sodium bicarbonate is employed in the reaction. The reaction product contained chlorine.

The reactions shown in the following table are carried out in a similar manner. Each reaction in the table is carried out in two ways( 1) in the presence of base as in 5-K to yield the halogen-free alkylation product Table VI and (2) in the absence of base to yield halogen containing products in the manner of 5K X Table VII.

The alkylated products of this invention contain primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary amino groups. By controlling the amount of alkylation agent employed and the conditions of reaction, etc., one can control the type and amount of alkylation. For example, by reaction less than the stoichiometric amount of alkylation agent one could preserve the presence of nitrogen bonded hydrogen present on the molecule and by exhaustive alkylation in the presence of sufiicient basic material, one can form more highly alkylated compounds.

The moles of alkylating agent reacted with the branched polyamine will depend on the number of alkylation reactive positions contained therein as well as the number of moles of alkylating agent one wishes to incorporate into the molecule. Theoretically every hydrogen bonded to a nitrogen atom can be alkylated. We have advantageously reacted l-lO moles of alkylating agent per moles of Polyarnine N-400, but preferably 1-6 moles. With Polyamine N800 and N-l200, twice and three times as many moles of alkylating agent can be employed respectively, i.e., with Polyamine N-800, 1-20 moles, preferably 1-1Q; with Polyamine N- lZOO, 1-30 but preferably 1-'l8. Optimum alkylation will depend on the particular application.

In addition, the alkyl halide may contain functional groups. For example, chloroacetic acid can be reacted with the branched polyamines to yield a compound containing carboxylic acid groups wherein P is the residue of the polyarnine.

In addition, the branched polyamine can be alkylated with an alkyl halide such as alkyl chloride and then reacted With chloroacetic acid to yield an alkylated polyamine containing carboxylic acid groups (C12H2FN )n P (CH2 OHM The symbol employed to designate an alkylated polyamine is K. Where the product is a salt or a quaternary the symbol is KX.

TABLE VI.-ALKYLATED PRODUCTS Ratio, Moles oi Alkylating Agent/Mole oi Polyamine 400 or Derivatives Physical Properties Alkylating Agent Butyl chloride TABLE VI.Continued Alkylating Agent Ratio, Moles of Alkylatlng Agent/Mole 0t Polyamine 400 or Derivatives Physical Properties 2-ethyl-hexyl ch1oride.

do Benzyl chloride do Allyl chloride d n Octadecyl chloridedo Dodecenyl chlorideld0 d n Dodecylbenzyl chloride.

Dimethylsulfateln:

do 1,4-xy1ylene dichloride.

Benzylchloride Methyl chloride Ethylene dichloride 1,4-dichlor0buteue-2 Dodecyl ch1oride n e. Methyl chloride Diehlorodiethylether.

Viscous liquid. Do. Do. Semisolid. Do. Solid. Semisolid. Solid.

The following table presents specific illustration pounds other than N-400 and its derivatives.

TABLE VIA.ALKYLATED PRODUCTS of com- Branched Polyamine Alkylating Agent Ratio, Mols of Alkylating Agent Per M01 oi Branched Polyamine or Derivatives Physical Properties Benzyl chloride o Dichlorodiethylether -do Allyl chloride Benzyl chloride- Dichloropentane Methyl chloride- TABLE VIL-SALT AND QUATERNARY PRODUCTS OF ALKYLATED N-400 AND DERIVATIVES .do Dodccyl chloride.

4-K1X --do do Tetradecyl chloride.

-K2X -do 5-K3X. d0 6-K1X. Octadecyl chloride- 6-K2X. i-do 6KaX do 7K1X Benzyl chloride.-..

7-K?! do 7-K3X -.do 8K1X Allyl chloride 3-KzX "d0 ...do Dodeccnyl chloridc 9-K2X dO .do

Dodecylbenzyl chloride.

. .do 1,4-dichlorobutene-2.

l,4-xylyleue dichloride. .-..do .do

Dichlorodiethylether. do

1-O3KX -do Benzylchloride Methyl chloride- Dimcthylsuliate.....

Ethylene dichloride. 1,4-dichl0rbutcne-2.

1-Ai0iKX. Dodecyl chloride.

7AiO1KX n-Amylbromide...

402HKX.- 1,4-gylylene dichlol'l e. 6O:HKX.- Methyl chloride 7-A102HKX Dichlorodiethyl ether. ll-ArolHKX. .--.-do

Ratio, Moles of Physical Ex. Alkylatiug Agent Alkylating Agent] of Prop- Polyamine N-4OO erties or derivative 1-K1X Butyl chloride Viscous liquid. 1-K2X do Do. lKaX ..do Do. 2-K1X. n-Anlyl br0mide Do. 2K2X- .do Do. 2K3X. -do Do. 3K1X 2-etl1yl-hexyl ch Do.

Do. Liquid. Viscous liquid.

Do. Semisolid Viscon s liquid.

Do. Semisolid.

The following table presents specific illustration of compounds other than N400 and its derivatives.

TABLE VIIA.SALT AND QUATERNARY PRODUCTS OF ALKYLATED BRANCHED POLYAMINE AND DERIVA- TIV ES Ratio of Alkylating Physical Example Alkylating Agent Agent/of Polyamine Properor Derivative ties Ethylene dichloride- 2:1 Solid. n-Amyl bromide. 3:1 Do. Dichlorodiethyl- 4: 1 D 0.

ether. Dimethyl sulfate-.. 3:1 Do. Methyl chloride. 2: 1 Do. 1,4 xylene dichlo- 5:1 Do.

ride. D odecylbenzyl 8:1 Semichloride. solid. 1,4-dichlorobutene-2. 3:1 Do. Benzyl ch1oride. 4:1 Do. Methyl chloride- 3: 1 D0. Ethylene dichloride. 2:1 Do. Dodecyl chloridc-- 1:1 Do Dichlorodiethyl- 1 1 Solid.

ether. Benzyl chloride 3:1 Do. 0 2:1 Do. do 1:1 Do. Methyl chloride. 5:1 Do. do 4:1 Do. .do 3:1 Do. lSOAKX Dicllillorodiethyl- 3:1 Do.

er. 14-OzHKX .do 2:1 D0. 25-A102HKX- ...do 1:1 Do.

ALKYLATED THEN ACYLATION The alkylated material prepared above can be further treated with acylating agent Where residual acylatable amino groups are still present on the molecule. The acylation procedure is essentially that described above wherein carboxylic acids react with the alkylated polyamine under dehydrating conditions to form amides and cyclic amidines. The product depends on the ratio of moles of water removed for each carboxylic acid group, i.e., 1 mole water/ 1 mole carboxylic essentially amides; more than 1 mole water/1 mole carboxylic acid group, essentially cyclic amidines, such as imidazolines.

Such compounds are illustrated in the following table. The symbol employed to designated alkylated acylatcd products is KA and acylated, alkylated, acylated products is AKA.

TABLE VIII-AGYLATED, PRIOR ALKYLATED BRANCHED POLYAMINES Moles of Acylat- Moles Ex Acylating Agent mg Agent/Mole Wgt. Water Physical of N400 or Removed Properties Derivative 2 564 3. 1 Viscous liquid. 3 852 3.0 Solid. 2 400 2. 8 Viscous liquid. 3 769 4.1 Do. Dimeric 1 600 2. 2 D0. 6-K3A Alkenyl (C12) 1 266 0. 5 Solid.

succinic anhydride. 7-K A Oleic 1 282 1. 7 Viscous llquid. 9KrA 0- 2 564 3.1 Do. 11KzA Laurie 2 400 2. 8 Do. 13-KzA. Ricinoleic- 2 598 3.0 Do. 1-O3KA--.. Oleic 1 282 1. 5 Do. 3AaKA1. Alkeuyl (C12) 1 266 Solid.

succinic anhydride. 3-A:KA2 Oleic 1 282 1. 5 Viscous liquid.

The following table presents specific illustration of compounds other than N-400 and its derivatives.

free, to eliminate undesirable side reactions. At room temperature, slowly add 53 grams of acrylonitrile 1 mol).

TABLE VIIIA.-ACYLATED, PRIOR ALKYLATED BRANCHED POLYAMINE Mols of Acylating Wt. of Mols of Physical Example Acylatlng Agent Agent/M01 of Acylating Water Proper- Polyamine or Agent Removed ties Derivative Used 14-K1A Laurie 1 200 1. 1 Solid. 15-K Ricinoleic 3 894 3. Do. 164?. A Oleio 2 564 3. D0. 17-K Palmitic 2 512 2. 0 D0. 18-A JIA Stem-in 1 568 1. 0 D0. -O1WA Oleio 1 282 1. 0 DO. -O KA Linolelo 2 560 2. 0 D0. 26A1OzKA Acetic".-- 1 60 1. 5 Do. 11O:AKA Dlglycollc 1 134 1. 0 D0. 140aHKA Maleie anhydrlde- 2 196 Do. 25A1O HKA Olelc 1 282 1. 5 D0.

OLEFINATION (Olefinatz'on relates to the reaction of the polyamine and derivatives with olefins) I The compositions of this invention, including the branched polyamine itself as well as reaction products thereof containing active hydrogens, can be reacted with unsaturated compounds, particularly compounds containing activated double bonds, so as to add the polyamine across the double bonds as illustrated herein:

Where the compound contains an additional active hydrogen, other unsaturated molecules can. be added to the original molecule for example:

Where one or more active hydrogens are present at another reactive site, the following reaction could take place:

ll ll ROG-CH-CHa-NP (N-CHrCH-O OR);

The reaction is carried out in the conventional manner such as illustrated, for example, in Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Wagner and Zook (Wiley, 1953), page 673.

Non-limiting examples of unsaturated compounds which can be reacted with the polyamine and derivatives thereof including the followingacrylonitrile, acrylic and methacrylic acids and esters, crotonic acid and esters, cinnamic acid and esters, styrene, styrene derivatives and related compounds, butadiene, vinyl ethers, vinyl ketones, maleic esters, vinyl sulfones, etc.

In addition, the polyamine and derivative thereof containing active hydrogens can be used to prepare telomers of polymer prepared from vinyl monomers.

The following are examples of olefination. The symbol employed to designate olefination is U and alkylation, olefination KU.

Example 1-U The olefination reaction is carried out in the usual glass resin apparatus. Since the reaction is that of a double bond with an active hydrogen, no water is eliminated. The reaction is relatively simple, as shown by the following example:

Charge 400 grams of N-400 (1 mol) into glass resin apparatus. Care should be taken that the N400 is water- The reaction proceeds smoothly without the aid of a catalyst. Warm gently to -100 C. and stir for one hour.

Example 6-U To 800 grams of N-400 (2 mols) in 800 grams of xylene, add 124 grams of divinyl sulfone (1 mole) at room temperature. This reaction is exothermic and care must be taken to prevent an excessive rise in temperature which would cause cross-linking and insolubilization.

Example 3O U 7 Same reactions as Example 1-U except that 1 mol of methyl acrylate is substituted for acrylonitrile and 3-O is substituted for the N-400. Part of this product is thereupon saponified with sodium hydroxide to form the fatty amino acid salt.

Further examples of the reaction are summarized in the following table:

TABLE IX.OLEF1NATION Moles of Olefin] Compound Olefin Mole of Polyamiue Time Tempera- N-400 or Polyamine ture, C.

N400 Derivative l-U Aerylonitrile 1/1 80-100 2-U1 Methyl meth- 1/1 80-100 acrylate. 2-U do 3/1 80-100 3-U Ethyl cinna- 1/1 120 mate. 4-U Ethyl erotonate 1/1 120 5U Di toctyl male- 1/1 150 a e. 6U Divinyl sultone- 1/2 7U1 Styrene.-- 1/1 90 7-Uzd0 3/1 90 8-U Lauryl meth- 3/1 120 acrylate. 9-U Divinyl sulfone- 1/2 90 4A3U1 Methyl meth- 1/1 acrylate. 4A3U Divinyl sulfone- 1/2 90 6K1U Aerylonitrile- 2/1 70 4-A1O U Methylacrylateu 1/1 90 3O1U .do 1/1 90 2-O1AU 1/1 90 9-K1U 1/1 90 7-KzAU.-- 1/1 90 5-A2KU--- 1/1 90 1-O K do' 1/1 90 The following table presents specific illustration of compounds other than N-400 and its derivatives.

TABLE IX-A.OLEFINATION Schifis base is present on the branched amino group rather than on the terminal amino group, etc.

Mols of Olefin/Mel Branched i Branched Poly- Temp., Example Polyamine Olefin amine or Branched Time C.

Polyamine Derivative Acrylonitrile 1 1 1 hr. 80-100 Styrene 1:1 1 hr..-" 80-100 Divinyl sulione 1 1 1 hr- 80-100 Di-oetylmaleate 1:1 1 hr. 125 Aerylonitrile 2:1 30 m 80-100 Methylacrylate 1:1 30 min 80-100 Ethyl crotonate. 2:1 30 min 120 Divinyl sulfone 2:1 30 min 120 Ethyl cinnamate. 1 1 2 hrs 120 Di-oetyl maleate, 1: 1 2 hrs 120 Methyl meth- 1:1 1 hr- 100 acrylate. Styrene 2:1 1 hr 100 Aerylonitrile 2:1 1 hr. 100 Ethyl cinnamate. 1: 1 1 hr- 110 Ethyl crotonate 1:1 2 hrs 120 Dlvinyl sulfone-.. 2:1 1 hr 80 12OiHU Lauryl meth- 3:1 2 hrs..- 130 aerylate. 25-A1O2HU Acrylonitrile 1:1 1 ha... 90 16-K3HXU Divinyl snltone 1:1 1 hr 90 KiU Styrene 4:1 1 hr 90 33-A1O1KU (1 2:1 l 111:... 90 -A1O2HKU--. 1:1 1 hr-. 90

CARBONYLATION (Carbonylation relates to the reaction of the branched polyamine and derivatives with aldehydes and ketones) Where primary amino groups are present on the polyamine reactants, Schiffs bases can be formed on reaction with carbonyl compounds. For example, where an aldehyde such as salicylaldehyde is reacted with Polyamine N-400 in a ratio of 3 moles of aldehyde to 1 mole of polyamine, the following type of compound could be formed:

HO- OH and other isomeric configurations, such as where the A wide variety of aldehyde may be employed such as aliphatic, aromatic, cycloaliphatic, heterocyclic, etc., including substituted derivatives such as those containing aryloxy, halogen, heterocyclic, amino, nitro, cyano, carboxyl, etc. groups thereof. Non-limiting examples are the following:

Aldehydes Benzaldehyde Z-methylbenzaldehyde 3-methylbenzaldehyde 4-methylbenzaldehyde Z-methoxybenzaldehyde 4-methoxybenzaldehyde a-naphthaldehyde b-naphthaldehyde 4-phenylbenza1dehyde Propionaldehyde n-Butyraldehyde Heptaldehyde Aldol 2-hydroxybenza1dehyde Z-hydrOXy-G-methylbenzaldehyde 2-hydroxy-3-methoxybenza1dehyde 2-4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde 2-6-dihydroxybenzaldehyde 2-hydroxynaphthaldehyde-l l-hydroXynaphthaldehyde-2 Anthrol-2aldehyde-l Z-hydroxyflucreme-aldehyde-1 4-hydroxydiphenyl-aldehyde-3 3-hydroxyphenanthrene-aldehyde-4 l-3-dihydroxy-2-4dialdehydebenzene Z-hydroxy-S-chlorobenzaldehyde 2-hydroxy-3 S-dibromobenzaldehyde 2-hydroXy-3-nitrobenzaldehyde 2-hydroXy-3-cyanobenzaldehyde 2-hydroxy-3-carboxybenzaldehyde 4-hydroxypyridine-aldehyde-3 4-hydroxyquinoline-aldehyde-3 7-hydroxyquincline-aldehyde-8 Formaldehyde Glyoxal Glyceraldehyde Schiffs bases are prepared with the polyamines of this invention in a conventional manner such as described in Synthetic Organic Chemistry by Wagner and Zook (1953, Wiley), pages 728-9.

Where more extreme conditions are employed, the products may be more complex wherein the carbonyl reactant instead of reacting intramolecularly in the case of Schitfs base may react intermolecularly so as to act as a bridging means between two or more polyamino compounds, thus increasing the molecular weight of the polyamine as schematically shown below in the case where formaldehyde is the carbonyl compound:

In addition to increasing the molecular weight by means of aldehydes, these compounds result in the formation of cyclic compounds. 'Probably both molecular weight increase and cycliZati-on occur during the reaction.

The following examples illustrate the reaction of carbonyl compounds with branched polyamines. The symbol employed to designate carbonylation is C, acylation, carbonylation AC, and alkylation, carbonylation iKC.!7

Example 1C Charge 400 grams of N-400 and 400 grams of xylene into a conventional glass resin apparatus fitted with a stirrer, thermometer and side-arm trap. Raise temperature to 120 C. and slowly add 122 grams of salicylaldehyde (1 mol). Hold at this temperature for 2 hours. Vacuum is then applied until all xylene is stripped off. The reaction mass is a thick dark liquid which is soluble in water.

Example 6-C Using the same apparatus as above, charge 400 grams of N-400. While stirring, add slowly at room temperature 82 grams of 37% aqueous formaldehyde (1 mol of HCHO). This reaction is exothermic and the temperature must be controlled with an ice bath. After the exothermic reaction has ceased, raise temperature to 100 C. The reaction mass may be stopped at this point. It is a viscous water-soluble material. However, it is possible to continue heating under vacuum until all of the water has been eliminated. Cross-linking occurs with this procedure and care must be taken to prevent insolubilization.

Further examples of this reaction are summarized in the following table:

TABLE X.CARBONYLATION Compound Aldehyde M01. Temp., Time Ratio C.

Salicylaldehyde 1/1 120 2 hrs. do 2/1 120 2 hrs. do 3/1 120 2 hrs. Zhydroxy-H-methoxy- 1/1 130 4 hrs.

benzaldehyde.

do 2/1 130 4 hrs. 3/1 130 4 hrs. 5/1 130 4 hrs.

3-02 .-do 2/1 110 1 hr.

3-03.- d 3/1 110 1 hr. 4-0 Acetaldehyde 3/1 90 2 hrs. 50. Heptaldehyde 3/1 130 hrs. 6-0- Formaldehyde. 3/1 2 hrs.

7C Glyox 2/1 100 1 hr. 8C 2/1 135 3 hrs.

9-0," 2/1 150 1 hr. 4-A3C 1/1 120 2 hrs. 5A1C 1/1 120 2 hrs. 5KC 1/1 120 2 hrs. 6-K1 t 2/1 120 2 hrs.

l Start 0., raise to 100 C.

The following table presents specific illustration of compounds other than N-400 and its derivatives.

TABLE XA.CARBONYLATION Compound Branched Aldehyde M01. Temp., 1 Time Polyarm'ne Ratio C.

N800 Formaldehyde..- 2:1 1 hour. N-SOO do 1:1 80 D0. N-80 0. 5:1 80 Do. N1200 Aceta1dehyde. 2:1 Do. N1200 do 1:1 100 D0. N-[L -d0 0. 5:1 100 D0. Salicylaldehyde- 3:1 120 Do. do 2:1 120 D0. do-- 1:1 I 120 Do. Benzaldehyde--. 3:1 110 Do. do 2:1 110 D0. 1:1 110 D0. 1:1 105 D0. 0. 5:1 105 D0. dn 0. 25:1 105 Do. Glyceraldehyde- 1:1 2honrs -do 0. 5:1 130 D0 Furiumlde- 1:1 80 1 hour hyde.

12-O HUO do 0. 5:1 80 Do.

The examples presented above are non-limiting examples. It should be clearly understood that various other combinations, order of reactions, reaction ratios, multiplicity of additions, etc. can be employed. Where additional reactive groups are still present on the molecule,

example designations have the following meaning:

Example designation: Meaning (1) A Acylated.

(2) A0 Acylated, then oxyalkylated.

(3) AOA Acylated, then oxyalkylated,

. then acrylated. (4), AOH Acylated, then oxyalkylated,

then heat treated.

(5) AX Salt or quaternary of (1).

(6) AOX Salt or quaternary of (2).

(7) AOAX Salt or quaternary of (3).

(8) AOHX Salt or quaternary of (4).

(9) O Oxyalkylated. (10) 0A Oxyalkylated, then acylated. (11) OH Oxyalkylated, then heat treated. (12) K Alkylated. (13) KX Salt or quaternary of (12). (14) KA Alkylated, then acylated. (15) AK Acylated, then alkylated. (16) AKX Salt or quaternary of (15). (17) OK Oxyalkylated, then alkylated. (18) OKX Salt or quaternary of 17). (19) C Carbonylated. (20) AC Acylated, then carbonylated. (21) KC Alkylated, then carbonylated. (22) CO Carbonylated, then oxyalkylated. (23) U Olefinated. (24) AU Acylated, then olefinated. (25) KU Alkylated, then olefinated. (26) KUX Salt or quaternary of (25 USE AS A CHELATING AGENT This phase of the invention relates to the use of the compounds of our invention as chelating agents and to the chelates thus formed.

Chelation is a term applied to designate cyclic structures arising from the combination of metallic atoms with organic or inorganic molecules or ions. Chelates are very important industrially because one of the unusual features of the chelate ring compounds is their unusual stability in which respect they resemble the aromatic rings of organic chemistry. Because of the great affinity of chelating compounds for metals and because of the great stability of the chelates they form, they are very important industrially. i

The compositions of this invention are excellent chelating agents. They are particularly suitable for forming chelates of great stability with a wide variety of metals.

Chelating metals comprise magnesium, aluminum, arsenic, antimony, chromium, iron, cobalt, nickel, palladium, and platinum. Particularly preferred of such metals as chelate constituents are iron, nickel, copper and cobalt.

The chelates formed from the compositions of our invention are useful as bactericidal and fungicidal agents, particularly in the case of the copper chelates. In addition the chelates can be employed to stabilize hydrocarbon oils against the deleterious effects of oxidation.

In general, these chelates are prepared by adding a sufficient amount of a metal salt to combine with a compound of this invention. They are prepared by the general method described in detail by Hunter and Marriott in the Journal of the Chemical Society (London), 1937, 2000, which relates to the formation of chelates from metal ions and salicylidene i-mines.

The following examples are illustrative of the prepanation f the chelates.

Example 8-A To a solution of 0.1 mole of the chelating agent of Example 8-A in alcohol is added 0.1 mole of cupric acetate monohydrate. After most of the alcohol is evaporated, a green solid precipitates which analysis indicates to be the copper chelate.

Example 6-K The above procedure is used except the cobaltous acetate tetrahydrate is employed to yield a red solid which analysis indicates to be the cobaltous chelate.

Example 4-A C The above procedure is used except that nickelous acetate, Ni(OAC) .4H O is employed. A dark green product is formed.

To save repetitive detail, chelates are formed from the above nickel, cobalt and copper salts, and the compounds shown in the following table.

CHELATING AGENTS ADDITIVE FOR LUBRICATING OILS This phase of the invention relates to the use of the compounds of this invention to produce an improved lubricating oil adapted for use in internal combustion engines.

It is generally conceded that in the recent development of internal combustion engines, and particularly engines designed for heavy duty service, the increase in operating temperatures, together with the reduction of clearances .and the use of hard bearing alloys, such as copper-lead,

cadmium, silver, etc., has set up such severe operating conditions as to necessitate an improvement in the highly solvent refined mineral oils marketed for use as lubricants. These vigorous operating conditions, which are most prevalent in diesel and gasoline engines used in heavy duty bus and tractor service, where the piston ring temperatures range from approximately 425 to 650 F. and pressures from the oxidizing combustion gases are as high as 750 to 1150 pounds per square inch, have seriously accentuated such problems as corrosion, oxidation and resin formation in the solvent refined mineral lubricating oils with the resultant deleterious effect on the efiiciency of the engines. The nature and extent of these problems depend upon the conditions of operation of the particular engine type, the type and extent of refining of the base oil used, and numerous other factors.

The tendency of mineral lubricating oils to deposit gums, resins, soot, and varnish-like materials about the valves, rings, pistons, cylinders and other engine parts can be largely overcome by the addition of certain types of additive ingredients which possess detergent qualities when dissolved or dispersed in lubricating oils. By detergent property is meant not only that property which prevents the accumulation or deposition of such materials as distinguished from solvent action upon those accumulations or deposits.

In addition thereto, the added tendency of these oils to corrode the metal surfaces With which the lubricating oil comes in contact may be overcome or reduced by the addition of additive components which possess antioxidant or anti-corrosive properties when dissolved or dispersed in mineral lubricating oils. These anti-oxidant or anti-corrosive properties are meant to include all such properties which effect a reduction or elimination of weight loss of the lubricated surfaces, particularly bearing surfaces, which results from the corrosive action of the mineral lubricating oil. Incorporation of these compositions in lubricating oils provides a mineral oil composition which possesses the above-mentioned detergent and anti-oxidant or anti-corrosive properties together with improved stability in service and storage and improved load-carrying capacity.

However, when a small proportion of a compound Within the scope of the present invention is blended with a mineral lubricating oil, a mineral oil composition is formed possessing excellent detergent, anti-oxidant and/ or anti-corrosive, stabilizing, and load-carrying (i.e. extreme pressure) properties.

These compositions can be added undiluted or after being diluted in a suitable solvent. For ease of handling a concentrate of the compounds of this invention in a hydrocarbon oil can be prepared, for example, in concentrations of 5%5 0% or higher.

The proportions of active additive actually present in the mineral lubricating oil composition may vary between 0.1% to 5.0% by weight based on the composition, depending upon the particular base oil used and the type of engine and service involved. However, the range of proportions between 0.25% to 2.0% by weight has been found to be particularly effective in imparting excellent detergent, anti-corrosive, and load-carrying properties to the mineral lubricating oil.

The compositions of the present invention can be employed alone or together with an auxiliary additive to further enhance the anti-oxidant or anti-corrosive properties of the mineral oil with which the additives are used in certain diesel and gasoline engines designed for heavy duty service.

The multifunctional additives of the present invention may further be used in combination with other additive ingredients such as anti-corrosive sulfurized agents, pour point depressors, oiliness agents, extreme pressure agents, blooming agents, viscosity index improving agents, color stabilizers, etc.

The following examples are presented for purposes of illustration.

The compounds shown in the following table are added to a distilled, solvent-refined, dewaxed, parafiin base Mid- Continent lubricating oil, SAE 30 grade, in ratios of 0.5 to 1.0% and tested in a single cylinder standard Lauson engine for 24 hours at 1800 rpm. at a crankcase temperature of 275300 0, conditions which simulate extremely severe operating conditions. At the end of the 24 hour period the engine is dismantled and the condition of the piston noted. The oils containing the compositions shown in the following table are invariably superior to the controls which contain no additive in both the Lauson detergency and the Lauson varnish tests.

These same test oils are tested for anti-corrosive properties according to the following technique:

A copper-lead bearing specimen, encased in a special non-wear bushing and rotatably mounted on a stainless steel shaft, is immersed in a glass pot of the oil to be tested. The test oil is heated to a controlled temperature of either 250 F. or 350 F. and continuously circulated between the bearing specimen and the shaft for ten hours.

According to the above tests the oils containing the compositions shown in the following table are superior to the control oil without additive.

ADDITIVES FOR LUBRICATING OILS EMULSIFYING AGENTS This phase of our invention relates to the use of the compositions of this invention as emulsifying agents in preparing suspensions and colloidal dispersions, all such disperse systems being referred to hereinafter as emulsions. They can be used to prepare such emulsions in which organic materials having little or no solubility in water are caused to be uniformly distributed therein in a fine state of subdivision.

As is well known to those familiar with the art, two liquids which are mutually insoluble may be emulsified by prolonged mechanical agitation. However, if the resulting emulsion contains much more than about one percent of the disperse phase, it is unstable and the component liquids soon separate into two layers. Thus a small portion of oil in a large volume of Water may be emulsified by shaking. However, on standing, the minute droplets of oil soon coalesce and the liquids separate into two phases. In general, the larger the proportion of oil in the mixture, the more unstable the emulsion becomes.

Although stable emulsions of two pure immiscible liquids cannot ordinarily be prepared, they can readily be stabilized by the addition of a third substance, known as an emulsifying agent or an emulsifier, to one of the liquid phases. When theemulsifying agent is added to the oil phase, the resultant oil is known as an emulsifiable oil. With the aid of such materials, two main types of emulsions have heretofore been prepared; namely, emulsions in which oil is dispersed in water, generally referred to as the oil-in-water type, and emulsions in which water is dispersed in oil, known as the water-in-oil type. The emulsifying agent employed in each instance will be dependent upon the particular type of emulsion being produced. Materials which are excellent emulsifiers for the water-in-oil type emulsion are sometimes inefiective to stabilize an oil-in-water emulsion and, conversely, agents which are satisfactory for stabilizing oil-in-water type emulsions are quite often useless for imparting stability to a water-in-oil type emulsion. For example, it is known that the alkali metal soaps are excellent emulsifying agents for oil-in-water emulsions, whereas they are unsatisfactory for water-in-oil emulsions. On the other hand, although the soaps of the heavy metals are not good emulsifying agents for producing oil-in-water emulsions they are effective for stabilizing water-in-oil emulsions. Accordingly, it will be evident that in stabilizing emulsions of oil and water with an emulsifier, the particular type of emulsion being produced is a factor of considerable importance.

However, minor amounts of compounds of the present invention are useful in preparing both water-in-oil and oil-in-water type emulsions. In general, the O/W emulsifiers are more hydrophilic than olephilic as compared to the W/O emulsifiers.

The term oil is used herein in the broad sense usually accorded that term in the emulsion art, i.e., to designate any liquid which is insoluble in water. Accordingly, the oil phase of the emulsions can be composed of mineral lubricating oils, or various fractions thereof; vegetable oils, such as cotton-seed oil, castor oil, linseed oil, tung oil, soy =bean oil, oiticica oil, etc; animal oils, such as sperm oil, oleo oil, etc; fish oils, such as codliver oil, porpoise oil, salmon oil, etc; petroleum waxes, such as slack wax and paraffin wax; natural waxes, such as carnauba wax, beeswax, Japan wax, etc.; and, in general, any of those materials in the art capable of making up the oil phase of an emulsion.

In general, the emulsions are prepared by combining oil, water, and the emulsifying agent and agitating the mixture until a suitable emulsion is obtained. The size of the particles present in the emulsion is to a great extent dependent on the degree of shearing employed during the preparation. By employing an apparatus having a high stirring speed, particles having the desired fine size can more readily be obtained. The strength of the emulsions can be varied over wide limits but good results have been obtained in emulsions containing from 0.5 to parts by weight of the oil component per 0.5 to 100 parts by weight of Water. The emulsifier component of the system is present in the amount of 0.01 to 5% by Weight or higher, but preferably 0.1 to 1.5%, based on the total weight of the system.

Our reagents are useful in undiluted form or diluted with any suitable solvent. Water is used whenever possible, because of its ready availability and negligible cost; but in some cases, non-aqueous solvents such as aromatic petroleum solvent may be found preferable. The products themselves may exhibit solubilities ranging from rather modest water-dispersibility to full and complete dipersibility in that solvent. Because of the small pro- 35 portions in which our reagents are customarily employed in practicing our process, apparent solubility in bulk has little significance. In the extremely low concentrations of use they undoubtedly exhibit appreciable Water-solubility or water-dispersibility as well as oil'solubility or oil-dispersi'bility.

Our reagents may be employed alone, or they may in some instances be employed to advantage admixed with other and compatible emulsifiers.

As is well known to those skilled in the art a great many factors must be considered in the preparation of such emulsions, such as the temperature throughout the production cycle, extent and duration of agitation and/ or time of incorporation of the various ingredients, order of addition of the ingredients, and the type of product desired. For example, emulsions serving as carriers for insecticides are readily and easily prepared using two parts of a compound of this invention and 200 parts of water to form a homogeneous, clear solution which if stirred vigorously with an equal volume of kerosene, naphtha or other low boiling hydrocarbon will product a stable emulsion which can be diluted to any desired extent with Water. The hydrocarbon can be used as a solvent for insecticidal compositions and is therefore useful in the preparation of insecticidal sprays.

It would, of course, be possible to present numerous other examples in which products can be prepared for specific purposes. Emulsions, pastes and creams useful as scouring and wetting agents, disinfectants, lubricants, leather conditioners, leather polishes, furniture and auto polishes, waterproofing agents, cutting oils, soluble greases, insecticides, etc., can readily be produced by application of the principles herein presented. The advantages to be derived are manifold. Suffice it to say that compounds of this type are not only efiicient as emulsifiers, but also, due to their antioxidant character, prevent deterioration by atmospheric agents and thereby exert a distinct protective action where the products contain an easily oxidizable group or where the product is used as a textile or leather conditioning or treating agent. This same tendency is furthermore to be recognized as an advantage where emulsions are used in contact with metals and the antioxidant, surface active constituent actually serves as an inhibitor.

The following examples are presented for purposes of illustration.

Mineral oils containing the emulsifiers listed below are prepared by adding a minor proportion (0.5% by weight based on weight of oil) of the emulsifier to a light mineral oil. One liter of water is then added to 25 grams of emulsifier containing oil with agitation until a thick stable emulsion is formed. The emulsions are useful for lubricating moving parts under conditions where emulsions are desirable, such as in steam cylinder lubrication and the like. These emulsifier containing oils can also be used to produce emulsions useful for treating textiles, in waterproofing materials, in coating paper, and the like.

EMULSIFYING AGENTS 36 EMULSIFYING AGENTS Compound 3 l-A l4-K 10-0 l6-K 1 1-0 18-OAK 12-0 14K X 13-0 17-K X 16-0 26A O KX 25-0 14-K A its-A 0 26-A O KA 26 A,o 10-U 27-A O 11-U 31-A O 18-A O U l l-O A 25A O HKU 18-OA 11-0 26O A 18A O;;C

CUTTING OIL This phase of the invention relates to the use of the compositions of this invention in cutting oils and in particular in emulsifiable cutting oils.

In the fabrication of metals into stock materials, articles, machine elements, etc., by methods involving cutting, grooving, turning, milling, breaching, boring, hobbing, gear cutting, grinding, stamping, drawing, etc., operations, frictional forces are created which cause overheating and accelerated dulling of the cutting tools, dies, etc., used in such operations. Moreover, the metals being subjected to the aforementioned operations become overheated, thereby deleteriously affecting the uniformity and quality of the finished products.

In an attempt to combat these difficulties, it is conventional to employ various oils and compositions containing oils for cooling and lubricating both the cutting tools, dies, etc., as well as the metal being worked upon. In general, there are four main types of cutting oils, to wit, (1) straight mineral oil, (2) mineral lard oil, (3) sulfurized mineral or mineral lard oil and (4) soluble oils (emulsifiable with water). This phase of the present invention is primarily directed to the so-called soluble cutting oils which readily emulsify with cold or warm water.

The two primary functions of a cutting oil in the metal working arts are cooling and lubricating which in turn serve to increase production and yield products having a better surface finish. An ideal cutting oil should be endowed with the following characteristics: (1) high specific heat, (2) good wetting and spreading power, (3) adherence to the essential elements in a good film strength, (4) a viscosity permitting adequate flow, (5) stability, (6) free of fire hazards, (7) non-corrosive and (8) noninjurious to health.

The compositions of this invention can be used in preparing cutting oils having these qualities to a high degree.

In the preparation of the cutting oils of the invention, any suitable oil, for example, a mineral oil may be employed, depending on the particular use to which the product is to be applied. The lighter mineral oils, such as white oil or parafiin oil, have been found to function very successfully and their use for the purposes of this invention is preferred. Oils of this type render the degree of lubrication desired especially in combination or cooperation with the remaining components of the novel composition.

The soluble cutting oil base of the invention may be emulsified with water in any desired proportion depending upon the machining operation to be carried out. Moreover, the proportion of the soluble oil with respect to the water controls the type of emulsion produced. It has been found that both the oil-in-water and water-inoil type emulsions are obtained depending upon the specific compound employed and the amount of soluble oil used. When the amount of oil used is-less than the transition point, the oilin-water type emulsion is produced; whereas if the quantity of soluble oil is increased soluble cutting oil base can vary within wide limits.

beyond the transition point, inversion takes place resulting in the water-in-oil type emulsion.

As hereinbefore mentioned, the type of emulsion selected will depend upon the nature of the machining operations to be carried out. In any event, both types of emulsions possess the aforementioned characteristics which advance the product of the invention closer to the so-called ideal cutting oil. In view of its non-corrosive character, the cutting oil of the invention may be used in fabricating non-ferrous metals as well as the ferrous metals and alloys.

The expressions soluble oil and soluble cutting oil base are used herein to connote a composition which is emulsifiable with an aqueous medium to form an emulsified cutting oil of either a Water-in-oil or oil-in-water type. In practice these cutting oils take upwater to form 8:1 to 100:1 water-to-oil emulsions customarily formed for the cooling and lubrication of metal working operations.

The ratios of the compositions of this invention in the In general, we employ 0.1 to 1.5% or higher but preferably 0.3% to 0.8%, by weight, based on the weight of cutting oil, of these compounds in the cutting oil.

In addition, it will be understood that any conventional modifiers may be added to the product of this invention, such as soaps, antioxidants, anti-foamants, load-bearing agents (extreme pressure or oiliness additives) and the like.

Furthermore, the compositions of this invention can be employed in other types of cutting oils, for example, straight mineral oil, mineral lard oil, and sulfun'zed mineral or mineral lard oil.

The following examples are presented to illustrate the present invention.

A cutting oil is prepared by dissolving 0.5% by weight of the compound shown in the following table in a mineral oil of 130 SSU viscosity at 100 F. and 35 viscosity index. These compositions when emulsified with both 1:10 parts of Water and 1:20 parts of water produce ex- Having thus described our invention, what we claim as new and desire to obtain by Letters Patent is:

1. An improved mineral lubricating oil composition 38 comprising a major proportion of the oil and about 0.1 to 5% by weight based on the composition of a compound selected from the group consisting of (1) a branched polyalkylenepolyamine containing at least three primary amino groups and at least one tertiary amino group and having the formula RNHz wherein R is an alkylene group having at least two carbon atoms,

x is an integer of 41to 24,

y is an integer of 1 to 6, and

z is an integer of 0-6,

(2) an acylated branched polyalkylenepolyamine containing at least three primary amino groups and at least one tertiary amino group and having the EH Z NH: y

wherein R is an alkylene group having at least two carbon atoms,

x is an integer of 4 to 24,

y is an integer of 1 to 6, and

z is an integer of 0-6,

RNHz

NH: y wherein R is an alkylene group having at least two carbon atoms,

x is an integer of 4 to 24,

y is an integer of 1 to 6, and

z is an integer of 0-6,

formed by reacting, at a temperature of from about C. to about 200 C. and a pressure of from about 10 p.s.i. to about 200 p.s.i. said polyalkylenepolyamine with an alkylene oxide having 2-8 carbon atoms,

(4) an alkylated branched polyalkylenepolyamine containing at least three primary amino groups and at least one tertiary amino group and having the wherein R is an alkylene group having at least two carbon atoms,

x is an integer of 4 to 24,

y is an integer of 1 to 6, and

z is an integer of -6,

formed by reacting, at a temperature of from about 100 C. to about 250 C., said polyalkylenepolyamine with a hydrocarbon halide alkylating agent having 1 to 30 carbon atoms,

(5 an olefinated branched polyalkylenepolyamine containing at least three primary amino groups and at least one tertiary amino group and having the formula l NI'Iz y wherein R is an alkylene group having at least two carbon atoms,

x is an integer of 4 to 24, y is an integer of 1 to 6, and z is an integer of 0-6,

formed by reacting, at a temperature of from about 70 C. to about 100 C., said polyalkylenepolyamine with an olefinating agent selected from the group consisting of acrylonitrile, styrene, butadiene, vinyl ethers, and vinyl sulfones,

(6) a Schifr base reaction product of a branched polyalkylenepolyamine containing at least three primary amino groups and at least one tertiary amino group and having the formula x is an integer of 4 to 24, y is an integer of 1 to 6, and z is an integer of 0-6,

formed by reacting said polyalkylenepolyamine with a compound selected from the group consisting of aldehydes and ketones,

(7) an acylated then oxyalkylated branched polyalkylenepolyamine containing at least three primary amino groups and at least one tertiary amino group and having the hereinabove recited formula, formed by reacting, at a temperature of from about 125 C. to about 300 C., said polyalkylenepolyamine with an acylating agent selected from the group consisting of (i) a carboxylic acid having 7-39 carbon atoms and (ii) a precursor of said carboxylic acid capable of forming said acid in said reaction, and then reacting said acylated polyalkylenepolyamine, at a temperature of from about C. to about 200 C. and a pressure of from about 10 psi. to about 200 p.s.i., with an alkylene oxide having 2-8 carbon atoms,

(8) an oxyalkylated, then acylated branched polyalkylenepolyamine containing at least three primary amino groups and at least one tertiary amino group and having the hereinabove recited formula, formed by reacting, at a temperature of from about 80 C. to about 200 C. and a pressure of from about 10 p.s.i. to about 200 p.s.i., said polyalkylenepolyamine with an alkylene oxide having 2-8 carbon atoms and then reacting said oxyalkylated polyalkylenepolyamine, at a temperature of from about 120 C, to about 300 C., with an acylating agent selected from the group consisting of (i) a carboxylic acid having 7-39 carbon atoms and (ii) a precursor of said carboxylic acid capable of forming said acid in said reaction,

(9) an alkylated, then acylated branched polyalkylenepolyamine containing at least three primary amino groups and at least one tertiary amino group and having the hereinabove recited formula, formed by reacting, at a temperature of from about C. to about 250 C., said polyalkylenepolyamine with a hydrocarbon halide alkylating agent having 1-30 carbon atoms, and then reacting said alkylated polyalkylenepolyamine, at a temperature of from about C. to about 300 C., with an acylating agent selected from the group consisting of (i) a carboxylic acid having 7-39 carbon atoms and (ii) a precursor of said carboxylic acid capable of forming said acid in said reaction,

(10) an acylated, then alkylated branched polyalkylenepolyamine containing at least three primary amino groups and at least one tertiary amino group and having the hereinabove recited formula, formed by reacting, at a temperature of from about 120 C. to about 300 C., said polyalkylenepolyamine with an acylating agent selected from the group consisting of (i) a carboxylic acid having 7-39 carbon atoms and (ii) a precursor of said carboxylic acid capable of forming said acid in said reaction, and then reacting said acylated polyalkylenepolyamine, at a temperature of from about 100 C. to about 250 C., with a hydrocarbon halide alkylating agent having l-30 carbon atoms.

(11) an oxyalkylated, then alkylated branched polyalkylenepolyamine containing at least three primary amino groups and at least one tertiary amino group and having the hereinabove recited formula, formed by reacting, at a temperature of from about 80 C. to about 200 C. and a pressure of from about 10 psi. to about 200 p.s.i., said polyalkylenepolyamine with an alkylene oxide having 2-8 carbon atoms, and then reacting said oxyalkylated polyalkylenepolyamine, at a temperature of from about 100 C. to about 250 C., with a hydrocarbon halide alkylating agent having 1-30 carbon atoms,

(12) a Schitf base reaction product of an acylated branched polyalkylenepolyamine containing at least three primary amino groups and at least one tertiary amino group and having the hereinabove recited formula, formed by reacting, at a temperature of from about 120 C. to about 300 C., said polyalkylenepolyamine with an acylating agent selected from the group consisting of (i) a carboxylic acid having 7-39 carbon atoms and (ii) a precursor of said carboxylic acid capable of forming said acid in said reaction, and then reacting said acylated polyalkylenepolyamine with a compound selected from the group consisting of aldehydes and ketones, 

1. AN IMPROVED MINERAL LUBRICATING OIL COMPOSITION COMPRISING A MAJOR PROPORTION OF THE OIL AND ABOUT 0.1 TO 5% BY WEIGHT BASED ON THE COMPOSITION OF A COMPOUND SELECTED FROM THE GROUP CONSISTING OF (1) A BRANCHED POLYALKYLENEPOLYAMINE CONTAINING AT LEAST THREE PRIMARY AMINO GROUPS AND AT LEAST ONE TERTIARY AMINO GROUP AND HAVING THE FORMULA 